Energy management system and method

ABSTRACT

An energy and facilities management system and method is provided for energy users with large physical plants which provides these energy users with a comprehensive understanding of the energy consumption of their physical plant and with the ability to manage it in a way that makes sense for their business. The system may include three dimensional facilities navigation tools, powerfill energy consumption analysis processes, TCP/IP communication capabilities and a World Wide Web (WWW)-based interface. The system also includes a real-time data retrieval and dissemination process and system which permits real-time energy data to be communicated within the system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to a system and method for managing theuse of energy and in particular to a system and method for automaticallymanaging the use of energy for a commercial user.

The problem of energy management and energy cost management has alwaysbeen an issue for many commercial users who operate large physicalplants (i.e., facilities and/or factories) because of the large amountof energy which is consumed by the facilities or factories. It isdesirable to manage and analyze the energy consumption of the physicalplant in order to reduce the total energy costs of the physical plant.The energy management process may involve many steps such as, forexample, purchasing energy from another less expensive source oradjusting the energy usage of the facility to off-peak times when energyrates are lower. A conventional system for energy management may be acomputer system housed in the basement of a facility or factory, thatpermits a person to view the energy usage of various equipment withinthat particular facility and makes changes to the energy usage based oninformation received at the computer system.

The problem of energy management is especially complex for largeentities, such as corporations, universities, municipalities, etc.,which may have a physical plant with many different facilities orfactories located at various different locations. With a conventionalenergy management approach, each facility owned by the large entity mayindependently manage its own energy. Thus, for a large entity, theremust be a conventional energy management system associated with eachfacility or factory, which greatly increases the overall cost ofconventional energy management. In addition, each energy managementsystem may use a slightly different data structure for the data beinggenerated so that these multiple energy management systems cannot beeasily integrated into a single energy management system for the entirephysical plant.

In most conventional systems, the task of energy management is separatedfrom the task of facilities management. Thus, each facility generallyhas both an energy management system and a facilities management system.To reduce the costs of the management of the facility, it is desirableto integrate these two systems into a single system.

Therefore, it is desirable to provide a single integrated energy andfacilities management system which connects a physical plant withmultiple, possibly geographically dispersed, facilities or factoriestogether so that the task of energy and facilities management may beaccomplished at a single central location. The single control locationmay be remote from all of the facilities. It is also desirable toprovide an energy and facilities management system which provides theuser of the system with a simulation of the facilities being managed sothat the user may view the physical plant without actually being at thesite. Thus, it is desirable to provide an energy management system andmethod which provides the above advantages and avoids the problems withthe conventional systems, and it is to this end that the presentinvention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, an energy and facilities managementsystem is provided for energy users with large physical plants whichprovides these energy users with a comprehensive understanding of theenergy consumption of their physical plant and with the ability tomanage it in a way that makes sense for their business. The systemaccomplishes this goal by using, for example, three dimensionalfacilities navigation tools, powerful energy consumption analysisprocesses, TCP/IP communication capabilities and a World Wide Web(WWW)-based interface. The system therefore present large amounts ofreal-time energy data to users in a clear, concise and useful format.The system permits the user to alter energy consumption patterns and/orprocure power more intelligently in order to save money. To accomplishthe real-time movement of the large amounts of energy data, the systemmay include a robust, scaleable real-time data server component and ascaleable database which allows for flexibility and ease of integrationbetween products and modules. The real-time server permits the system toprovide a web-based interface which allows multiple users from a varietyof locations to access important energy information at a much lower costversus existing energy management systems.

The system, in accordance with the invention, may be divided into one ormore sub-systems which manage different portions of the physical plantof the entity. For example, there may be an energy manager, a facilitynavigator, a facility manager and an alarm manager in a preferredembodiment of the invention. Each of these sub-systems performsoperations which permit an employee of the entity to control and manageits facilities including its energy consumption. For example, the energymanager may track and/or analyze energy usage data, the navigator maypermit the user to visualize each facility through a simulation, thefacility manager may analyze control problems, and the alarm manager maynotify the user of alarms and respond to alarms as appropriate. Each ofthese sub-systems work together to provide an integrated energy andfacility management system.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a system and methodfor moving data between the various sub-systems within the energymanagement system is disclosed. The data moving method concatenates dataat one or more sources such that the total amount of data beingcommunicated between the sub-systems is reduced.

Thus, in accordance with one aspect of the invention, a system formanaging the facilities and the energy consumption of a physical plantis provided in which the physical plant has one or more facilities andbuildings in which each building and facility has one or more deviceswhich operate and consume energy. To accomplish the management of thephysical plant, the system may gather information about the energyconsumption and operation of each device in the physical plant andcontrol the facilities, buildings and devices in the physical plant,based on the energy consumption and operating information for eachdevice, by communicating the energy consumption and operating data inreal-time between the devices and the energy and facility managementapparatus. The system may also include a user interface for requestingenergy consumption and operation data about one or more devices and forviewing the energy consumption and operation data about the physicalplant. A method for energy and facility management is also provided.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an apparatus formanaging the facilities and energy consumption of a physical plantincluding one or more pieces of equipment and one or more facilities isprovided in which data is received from each facility corresponding tobuilding control signals, energy usage signals and weather data andexternal data is received corresponding to energy rates and weatherforecasts. The apparatus may generate energy management data for thefacilities and equipment in the physical plant based on the facilitydata and the external data. It may also generate a representation ofeach facility in the physical plant so that a user navigates througheach facility. The apparatus may also generate facility management datato help a user of the apparatus control the facilities of the physicalplant.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a system forcommunicating data in real-time between an energy and facilitymanagement system and the devices of a physical plant is provided inwhich a plurality of devices in the physical plant operate and consumeenergy. The system may include a device interface connected to one ormore of the devices for gathering energy consumption and operation dataabout the one or more devices connected to the device interface and aserver connected to the device interface for storing the energyconsumption and operation data for each device in the physical plant.The system may further include a plurality of client applications whichrequest to receive energy consumption and operation data about one ormore devices in the physical plant from the server, and a concentratorconnected to one or more of the client applications. The concentratormay analyze the requests for data from the client applications, combinerequests for energy consumption and operation data about a particulardevice into a single combined request, communicate the single combinedrequest to the server, and route the energy consumption and operatingdata about the particular device received from the server to each clientapplication which requests the energy consumption and operation dataabout that particular device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a geographically diverse enterprisehaving one more facilities and an integrated energy and facilitiesmanagement system;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an energy and facility managementsystem in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the data flow through the energy andfacility management system shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating more details of the real-time datatopology of the energy and facility management system of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method for updating data inreal-time in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method for registering a client andwith a concentrator device in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the client andconcentrator device in accordance with the invention; and

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the real-time data structures for theserver in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The invention is particularly applicable to an energy and facilitymanagement system for an energy user having a widely dispersedenterprise with widely dispersed energy consuming factories orfacilities. The energy and facility management system may use a publicglobal communications network known as the Internet/Intranet tocommunicate data between the elements of the system. It is in thiscontext that the invention will be described. It will be appreciated,however, that the system and method in accordance with the invention hasgreater utility, such as to other smaller, less complex physical plantsand may use a variety of communications systems, including a privatenetwork, to communicate the data.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a physical plant 10 of a largeentity which may be controlled and managed by a central energy andfacilities management system 12 in accordance with the invention. Asshown, the physical plant of the entity may include one or morefacilities 14 (Facility #1, Facility #2, Facility #3 and Facility #N)each of which consumes power and has facilities management requirements.In this example, these facilities may be located in widely disparategeographic locations, such as Palo Alto, Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.,New York and Texas. It should be noted that the invention, however, isnot limited to any particular number of facilities or the locations ofthose facilities since the system may also be used for an entity withjust a few facilities in the same geographic location. As describedabove, it is desirable to be able to control and manage the energyconsumption and other facilities problems from a single centralizedlocation.

To provide a centralized energy and facilities management system, thesystem 12 may be interconnected to the facilities 14 by any conventionalcommunications systems 16. In a preferred embodiment, the system 12 andthe facilities 14 may be interconnected by the Internet/Intranet. Thecommunications system permit data to be communicated between thefacilities 14 and the energy and facilities management system 12 inreal-time. To provide an interface between the energy and facilitiesmanagement system 12 and each facility 14, each facility may include anenergy management device (EM) for communicating data between the energyand facilities management system 12 and the facility 14 as describedbelow in more detail. In particular, the combination of the system 12and the EM devices permit real-time data to be communicated between thesystem 12 and the facilities 14. In accordance with the invention, auser at the energy and facility management system 12 may control andmanage each of the facilities without necessarily being on-site at anyof the facilities. The energy and facilities management system 12 maypermit, for example, the energy usage of each facility to be monitoredand an alarm sounded if a predetermined condition occurs. Because theenergy and facility management system 12 is connected to the facilities14 by a communications system 16, the energy and facility managementsystem 12 may be located at any geographic location while providingcomplete control and management of all of the facilities in the physicalplant 10. In addition to the facilities 14, one or more user terminals17 may also be connected to the system 12 by the communications system16, which may preferably be the Internet/Intranet. These terminals 17may be located at any location where access to the communications system16 is available. For example, a manager may access real-time energy datafrom a facility in Singapore while in New York. In addition, there maybe multiple people at various different locations accessing different orthe same energy data at the same time due to the real-time dataretrieval and dissemination system as described below in more detail.Thus, anyone in the entity may access any energy data about the physicalplant at any time. The actual data displayed to each user may becustomized based on the user's needs so that each user may receivedifferent data or the same data presented in a different way. Forexample, a CFO may receive a different set of data than an energymanager. Now, the energy and facilities management system 12 will bedescribed in more detail.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the energy and facilities management system12 in accordance with the invention which provides energy and facilitiesmanagement capabilities for a physical plant. The system may include oneor more internal data sources 22, one or more external data sources 24and an energy and facility management apparatus 26. The internal datasources 22 may be devices internal to the facility which generate dataabout the facility used for energy and/or facility management. Forexample, the internal data sources may include a building controlgateway 28 which provides one or two-way data communications between theexisting controls of the facility and the apparatus 26, a meter gateway30 which provides data to the apparatus 26 about the energy usage of thefacility, and a weather gateway 32 which provides various weather data,such as humidity or temperature, to the apparatus 26. The external datasources may be data sources which are outside of the particularfacility, but which also provide data which is useful for energy andfacility management. For example, the external data sources may includea market energy rates source 34 which contains data about the energycosts for various energy providers and a weather data source 36 forproviding future weather forecasts for each facility. Using the variousdata from the internal and external data sources 22, 24, the energy andfacility management apparatus 26 may, for example, track energy usage orchange energy usage patterns based on the forecast weather or based on aless expensive energy provider. The various energy management processeswill be described below in more detail.

The apparatus 26 may be a computer system which executes a plurality ofdifferent software packages which implement the functions of the systemwhich are described below. As shown, the apparatus 26 may include anenergy manager 40, a facility navigator 42, a facility manager 44 and analarm manager 46. Thus, the apparatus may be divided up into fourcomponents and a customer may select features from some or all of thesecomponents to create a product bundle that most closely fits theirneeds. The invention, however, is not limited to an apparatus whichincludes all of these components and thus the invention may include onlyone or more of the components. Each of these components may beimplemented as a piece of software being executed by a server computer,for example. Each of these components will now be described in moredetail.

The energy manager 40 gathers energy usage data and permits users of thesystem to view and analyze energy usage over any combination offacilities or time periods. The energy manager may permit the user todiagnose energy usage problems and develop strategies to reduce energycosts by optimizing responses to queries by the user based on the timeof day, the current energy rate and environmental conditions. The energymanager may receive data from a variety of sources, such as utilitymeters in the facility. The energy manager may perform a variety offunctions, such as tracking energy usage, analyzing energy usage byanalyzing historical energy usage data or analyzing energy loadaggregation data, energy rate analyzing, energy usage forecasting basedon various data such as forecast weather conditions, power procurementanalyzing, such as generating a request for purchase (RFP), analyzingthe energy usage of different sites and comparing the sites to eachother and alarm signaling. In more detail, the usage tracking mayinclude monitoring and generating trends for real-time energy usage ofeach facility in various energy units, such as kilowatts (KW), kilowatthours (KWH), or British thermal units (BTUs). The usage tracking mayalso include aggregating energy loads for the various facilities andretrieving and comparing historical energy usage with real-time energyusage. The energy usage analysis may include an energy load shapeanalysis, a peak energy demand determination, an identification todetermine the largest energy consumers and/or the consumers who use theenergy during the peak energy usage time, and a determination of energyload and energy power factors as is well known. The rate analysis mayinclude determining energy costs based on existing rates on a per meter,per building, per site, per cost center or corporate wide basis, anenergy load scenario builder in which different energy rates scenariosmay be played out to determine the best rate for the entity compared toa base scenario, generating energy bills, and viewing real-time andhistorical energy demand levels on a per meter, per building, per site,per cost center or corporate wide basis. The usage forecasting may useweather data to forecast a future day, week, month or year's energyusage. An alarm signaling function may generate an alarm signal whencertain conditions occur, such as energy load peaks, power spikes,surges, sags and deviations from an acceptable signal quality and keeptrack of the total number of alarms. Now, the facility navigator 42 willbe described in more detail.

The facility navigator 42 may permit any user of the energy and facilitymanagement apparatus 26 who is connected to the apparatus by thecommunications system 16 (see FIG. 1) to view real-time two-dimensionalor three-dimensional representations of any facility in the physicalplant, to configure a particular site, to analyze and locate energy orfacility management problems at a site, or to generate a report. Inparticular, the facility navigator may permit a user to navigate andanalyze problems at multiple sites using advanced 2-D and 3-Dvisualization tools. In more detail, the two-dimensional navigator maygenerate graphical representations of the details of the facilities,sites and the like to permit the user to navigate through all of thesites, through a site to a specific building on a site, or through aparticular building on a site. The navigator may also generate visualrepresentations of an event, such as an alarm or excessive power usage,so that the user may see these events when they are navigating throughthe site or building. As an example, the navigator may display aparticular building as red indicating that the building is using toomuch power based on past history and the user of the navigator will seethe red building and may investigate the problem. The navigator may alsopermit the user to look at individual systems in a building, such asHVAC system or equipment components, to analyze a problem. Thethree-dimensional navigator may perform similar functions as thetwo-dimensional navigator, but in three-dimensions. The siteconfiguration functions permits the user of the apparatus to customize ,create or update a particular site to add various information. Forexample, the site configuration may permit the user to generate a sitemap for a newly opened facility which is going to be managed by theapparatus 26.

The facility manager 44 may integrate existing building control systemsto permit the user of the apparatus to have access to data from theexisting building control systems as well as newly installed systems sothat the apparatus 26 may be easily integrated with existing systems.The facility manager may perform data monitoring and collectionprocesses which may include monitoring, trending and archiving data(i.e., temperatures, pressures, flows, levels, set points and states)about existing systems, such as HVAC systems, boilers, chillers, coolingtowers, generators, compressors, motors and pumps and lighting. Thefacility manager may also monitor and trend (i.e., determine a trend andhow the particular quantity will act in the future) environmentalconditions, such as lighting, interior and exterior temperatures,relative humidity, solar radiation and the like. The facility managermay also monitor and display peak facility operating periods. Thefacility manager may also analyze equipment efficiencies under partialand full load, develop operating efficiency load profiles, trackoperating hours and benchmark load profiles against capacity ratings.The facility manager may also optimize the existing systems by, forexample, balancing HVAC operating times to meet building use periods andenvironmental changes, and optimize existing equipment's usage. Thefacility manager may also control the existing systems and devices andinitiate soft starts, hard starts and stops of the equipment, programcontrol set-points and provide a manual override of the systems andequipment.

The alarm manager 46 handles any alarms generated at any point in theapparatus 26 or physical plant 10. For example, it may collect alarminformation from the energy manager or the facility manager and thenprioritize these alarms. The alarm manager may also notify theappropriate people, by various different methods, such as e-mail, fax orpager, who need to respond to a particular alarm. Now, the flow of datathrough the energy management system in accordance with the inventionwill be described with reference to FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a physical plant 50 of acommercial user which may include one or more buildings 52, 54, 56, 58and additional equipment and devices (D) which may be controlled by theenergy management system in accordance with the invention. The energymanagement system may include one or more computer systems 60, 62, 64which may be server computers which interconnect the various buildingsand equipment of the physical plant for purposes of controlling andmanaging the buildings and the equipment. In the example shown, theenergy management system may include the central server 60 whichreceives data and information from the other servers, the buildings andthe equipment. The invention, however, is not limited to a energymanagement system with a central server.

At each building, a user executing a client application on a personalcomputer, for example, may query one of the servers and receive dataabout some portions of the entity's physical plant. In the example shownin FIG. 3, each client application requesting data about the enterprisemay be represented by a client object in an object oriented programminglanguage. Therefore, in accordance with the invention, in order toprovide information to a particular client application, the clientobject corresponding to the client application may be modified and thenthe client application may read the modified client object. For example,in building 54, a first client application/object 66 and a second clientapplication/object 68 may access information about the physical plant.In the embodiment shown, the client applications may be client softwareapplications being executed on a computer system within the buildingwhich access data from the servers. In the preferred embodiment, theclient applications/objects may be Internet/Intranet browser softwareapplications which access the servers over the Internet/Intranet tocommunicate data and commands to the servers. For locations, buildingsor sites in which more than one client application is being executed,the energy management system may include a data concentrator (C) whichattempts to reduce the data traffic between the client application andthe servers by combining requests from the client applications into asingle request. For example, if both client applications are requestingthe same updated data about a particular piece of equipment, theconcentrator may generate a single request for the data and thencommunicate that updated data to each client application once theupdated data is received by the concentrator.

The equipment and devices (D) may be connected to the servers 60-64 by agateway (G) which acts as an interface between the device D and theservers. In particular, the gateway may be a software application whichinterprets the particular device or equipment's signals intostandardized data which may then be stored by the servers. Therefore,each gateway G may be somewhat unique since it converts signals from aparticular device D into a standard format.

In operation, the devices D may generate data about the operation of thedevice or its energy usage and pass the data to the gateway whichforwards it on to the server which stores the data. When a clientapplication requests data about a device, the request is passed to theconcentrator associated with the application which filters out anyduplicate requests. Then, when a concentrator requests data about thedevice, the server may communicate the data to the concentrator whichpasses the data onto the appropriate client application. A similarprocess may occur to update data about a device. To accomplish thereal-time retrieval and dissemination of data, a unique address isassigned to each device and client application in the real-time dataretrieval and dissemination system as will now be described.

FIG. 4 illustrates more details of a real-time data retrieval anddissemination system 100 in accordance with the invention. In apreferred embodiment, the real-time data retrieval and disseminationsystem 100 may be implemented as a sophisticated software systemcontaining a plurality of software applications which can performvarious energy and facility management tasks. For example, the system100 may remotely interface to various data acquisition and controlsystems over existing data networks (i.e., an internal computer networkor the Internet/Intranet) thereby eliminating the need for proprietary,expensive cabling to remotely locate a control system user-interfacesoftware application which permits a user to control and manage theentire physical plant of an organization from one location. In addition,because the system 100 interfaces to and consolidates the data from avariety of different systems having possible different data protocolsinto a central data server, a user of the system may utilize a commonworkstation to access and combine the functionality of different controlsystems from the same location using the same software. As with theequipment and physical plant which may be distributed over a largegeographic area, the client software applications, which permit accessto the data, may also be located anywhere within the span of the datanetwork. This is especially advantageous since the number and type ofclient applications requesting for real-time information will growsignificantly in the future, as this information becomes integral inoptimizing the asset utilization of the enterprise. This permits thesystem to be scaleable and accommodate future expansion of the physicalplant. It also permits the person controlling the physical plant toaccess data about the physical plant from any location. It also permitsother people in the organization, such as the chief financial officer,to access data about the physical plant from his desktop computer whichhas a browser. In the example shown, the system 100 may include acentral server computer 102, one or more client personal computers 104,106, 108, one or more gateways 110, 112, 114, 116 which connect one ormore devices 118, 120, 122, 124, 126 to the server 102. Each of thesewill now be described in more detail.

The data gateways 110, 112, 114, 116 may be stand-alone softwareapplication modules that interface with the devices to perform dataacquisition and to control the devices. As shown, multiple controlsystems or data collection devices of different types may be supportedby a single data gateway. The communication medium between the gatewayand the data collection device may vary. The data gateways may also beconnected to a second data network to permit the gateway to communicatedata with the server 102 to perform various functions, such asexchanging collected data or forwarding control commands from the energymanagement system to individual devices for execution. Each gateway mayalso include a configuration system 127 for configuring the gateway to aparticular device. Now, the server 102 will be described in more detail.

The server 102 is the controller for the real-time data retrieval anddissemination system. The server may be implemented as an individualsoftware process executing on a single computer or as several softwareprocesses being executed on a network of multiple computer systems. Ineither case, the configuration of the server is transparent to theclient software application being executed by the client PCs. Thedistributed server architecture with multiple servers executing variouspieces of software may be especially well suited for scaling up theenergy management system to handle very large applications of real-timedata without affecting any development within the client application. Inaccordance with the invention, the server may execute softwareapplications which implement the various sub-systems described abovewith reference to FIG. 2. The server 102 may include a real-timedatabase (Rtdb) 128 and a configuration database 129 which communicatewith each other. The Rtdb may receive data from the gateways, issuecommands to the devices, and disseminate data to the client PCs 104-108.The configuration database 129 may receive configuration data from agateway for a particular device and forward updated configuration datato a device and gateway. More detail about the operation of the serverwill be described below.

Each client PC 104, 106 or 108 may include one or more client objects130, 132, 134 which are connected to a concentrator 136. As describedabove, the client objects, which may be software applications beingexecuted by the client PC, such as a Internet/Intranet browser, maygenerate requests for data from the server 102 which the concentrator136 may combine together if possible. The concentrator 136 thus may actas a data traffic controller to prevent the client objects fromoverloading the server 102 with duplicate requests. The concentrator,therefore, reduces the data traffic flow between the server 102 and eachPC. The client application may consist of one or more stand-alonesoftware application programs or modules that can communicateindependently to the server 102 to receive real-time data updates ofdata element status changes which are displayed visually for the clientin a variety of ways, such as using a web browser. Thus, data isautomatically updated for each client application as will be describedin more detail below. Now, the flow of changed data through thereal-time retrieval and dissemination system 100 will be described tobetter understand the operation of the system.

When a data change occurs on a device 118-126, a data gateway 110-116attached to the device may detect or be signaled of the data changedepending on the capabilities of the device. Once the gateway receivesthe changed data, it may preprocess the data to standardize it for theenergy management system and communicate it onto the Rtdb server 102.Upon arrival of the changed data at the Rtdb server, the Rtdb serverchecks an update list to determine which concentrators 136 are currentlyregistered to receive data updates for this device. The current list ofconcentrators which receive the updated data for a particular devicechanges in real-time based on what data each concentrator is currentlyrequesting or what data is being currently displayed by each client PC.

Once the list of registered concentrators is determined, the Rtdb servermay send the updated data to each concentrator 136. When a data updateis received by a concentrator, the concentrator may in turn check alocal list to see which client applications/objects 130-134 attached tothe particular concentrator are registered to receive the particulardata updates. Next, the client concentrator may send the data update toeach individual client application which updates its display based onthe updated data. The client concentrator 136 therefore optimizes theefficiency of the data communication network by concentrating identicalpoint data update registrations from multiple clientapplications/objects into a single request for data from the Rtdbserver. Therefore, data requests by multiple client applications/objectsmay be serviced by a single data point update message from the Rtdbserver which may be referred to as a point concentration process.

The point concentration process extends itself beyond the client objectsto the Rtdb server 102 so that the server may act as a hub for allpoints (devices) that it services from its attached gateways, but inaddition act as the hub for points from other Gateways attached to otherRtdb servers. Therefore, any client application/object that needsreal-time updated information from any Gateway will receive that datafrom a local Rtdb server, who in turn is responsible for obtaining thatinformation from other Rtdb servers, if necessary. To accomplish this,each server 102 may be viewed as just another concentrator to each“remote” Rtdb server. In other words, for data requested from anotherserver, each server may concentrate multiple data requests forconcentrators and client applications attached to it into a few datarequests to reduce data traffic. Thus, the Rtdb server exhibits the samenetwork optimization strategies as the client concentrator objects byconcentrating identical point update registrations from multipleconcentrators into a single registration to the remote Rtdb server.

Throughout the system 100, registrations (requests) for real-time point(device) updates are initiated by client applications/objects byspecifying a unique machine identifier and a unique point identifiercombination for each device/point of interest to its associatedconcentrator. Thus, each server (machine identification) anddevice/point (point identification) has a unique address so that datamay be efficiently routed through the communications network. Forexample, a client application attached to server A may request data froma device B by issuing a command indicating that A requests data about Bso that the command contains the necessary addresses used by theconcentrator and other server to route the data about device B to theclient application attached to server A. The concentrator then registersthese points, if not already registered, with a local Rtdb server. Basedon the machine identifier associated with each registered point, theRtdb server can then pass a registration onto another Rtdb server ifnecessary, again, only if this point has not already been registeredwith that Rtdb server. This system of concentrating and forwarding pointregistrations lends itself to very simplistic administration becauseeach Rtdb server requires no advance knowledge of other Rtdb serversanywhere else in the world as the machine identifier contains all of theinformation required to locate a Rtdb server. For example, the machineidentifier may be composed of a unique TCP/IP address, a unique UniformResource Locator (URL), or a unique Domain Name Service (DNS) name whichpermits each Rtdb server to be individually identified. This processalso naturally lends itself to scale up to handle very large real-timedata applications.

In summary, to accomplish the real-time data retrieval and disseminationin accordance with the invention, each client application/object isgiven a unique address, such as that contained in a MachineID variableand each point or device is given a unique address, such as thatcontained in a PtID variable. Thus, for any data request or any updateof existing data, there is an associated PtID or MachineID variablewhich permits the system to rapidly communicate the data only to theclients which need the information. Now, the operation of the serverduring a point data update will be described.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method 150 for point data updatingat the server in accordance with the invention. In step 152, a gatewayattached to the device/point with updated data call a Rtdb.UpdatePointsoftware subroutine which stores values for various variables, such as amachine identification (MachineID), a point identification (PtID), avalue of the changed data (Value), a date and time of the data change(DATETIME) and a status of the point/device at the time of the change(status) and passes the values in the variables onto the server. Theserver, in step 154, then fetches the updated data using the valuescontained within the subroutine variables from the gateway and storesthe values in temporary storage while an authentication process occurs.

In the next series of steps, the server authenticates the data updateprior to distributing the data update values to other servers and/orclients. Thus, in step 156, the server determines whether the gateway ismarked as running (i.e., whether the server is aware of any problem withthe gateway) when the update data subroutine is invoked. If the serverdetects that the gateway is not running, the data update process endsand no data update is completed. If the gateway is running, then in step158, the server checks its data records to determine if the point with adata update is actually known to the server since the server maintains alist of the points which are connected to it. If the point is unknown,the method ends and no data update is completed. If the point is knownto the server, then the server determines if the updated data from theknown point has the proper data type in step 160. If the data type isnot correct, the method ends and no data update is completed. Thus, insteps 156-160, the server may authenticate a point data update prior todistributing the data update in order to reduce incorrect data withinthe system. Thus, each server attached to each point may act as a filterfor updated data from that point.

Next, in step 162, the server updates various variables in a real-time(Rtdb)database in the server to reflect the updated data values. Inparticular, the server may update the values of a Rtdb.Value variablecontaining the new updated value of the point data, a Rtdb.Timestampvariable containing the time and date information about when the data asupdated, and a Rtdb.Status variable containing information about thestatus of the point when the data update occurred. In the next series ofsteps, the server may determine the appropriate one or more otherservers or concentrators to which the updated point data may becommunicated. This process may be referred to as a Point Hot LinkManager shown diagramatically as step 164 in the flowchart.

The Point Hot Link Manager process starts at step 166 in which theserver determines, based on a list maintained in the server, whichclients may be linked/registered to the particular point which hasupdated data. If there are no known clients which are registered toreceive the updated data, the method ends and the updated data is beingretained in the server until a client requests the data. In step 168,the server may determine, from its internal list, whether the particularclient is another Rtdb server, a concentrator or something else based onthe Machine ID variable. If the client is not another Rtdb server or aconcentrator, the method ends. If the client is another server or aconcentrator, then in step 170, the server may retrieve a pointer to theparticular client's interface from an internal file moniker. Next, instep 172, the server may call an Object.UpdatePoint subroutine whichupdates various variables, which are described above, in a datastructure which is then communicated to the client. In this exampleshown, a MachineID variable, a PtID variable, a Rtdb.Value variable, aRtdb.Timestamp variable and a Rtdb.Status variable are updated toreflect the change in the point data. The calling of the subroutine thusupdates the values for the particular client as identified by theMachineID variable value so that client automatically receives theupdated data anytime an update occurs.

Next, in step 174, the server determines if there are any more clientswho are registered to receive the updated data. If there are additionalclients who are registered to receive the updated data, the method loopsback to step 168 and repeats steps 168-172 to update the data for thenext client. Once all of the clients who are registered to receive dataupdates for the particular point are accounted for, the method ends. Inthis manner, for each point data update, the server may perform someauthentication of the updated data and then proceed to distribute theupdated data only to those clients which are registered with the serverusing the unique addresses as described above. In this manner, themethod reduces the amount of data traffic over the communicationnetwork. Now, a method by which each client application/object mayregister itself to receive data updates from a particular point will bedescribed.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 180 by which a particularclient application may become registered to receive data updates from aparticular point/device. In step 182, the client application mayidentify the points from which the client application wants to receivedata. In particular, the client application may build anIPointsCollection data structure containing a collection of theIPointData objects that identify the one or more data points about whichthe client is interested in receiving data. The data structure maycontain a plurality of data structure of the form “MachineName::pointname”. For example, the user of client application A may be currentlyviewing the data regarding device/point B and therefore, the clientapplication will enter a data structure of the form “A::B” indicatingthat the particular client application wants to receive data updatesabout device B. This data structure may be maintained until the user isno longer viewing the data from device B. Next, in step 184, the clientapplication may call a subroutine to register the request for the datafrom the particular point with the concentrator connected to the clientapplication. In the example shown, the subroutine may be called with thecommand Concentrator.RegisterPoints(IPointsDataCollection**pPoints).

In the next series of steps, the concentrator may register the pointdata requests and determine if a request has already been made for thesame point data by either the same client application or another clientapplication connected to the same concentrator. This permits theconcentrator to reduce the total data traffic by concentrating requestsfor data from a particular point by one or more clients into a singledata request to the server. The concentrator then distributes the pointdata to the appropriate client applications. For each point name in thepoints collection, the concentrator may attempt to identify the point instep 186. In step 188, the concentrator determines if the point hasalready been identified (i.e., has the concentrator already previouslyreceived data or data requests about the point). If the point has notbeen previously identified, then the concentrator may perform a seriesof steps to request the data for the particular point from an attachedserver. Thus, in steps 190, 192 and 194, the concentrator may generate aRtdbRegistrar.GetStaticPointData command to get any static data aboutthe point, a RtdbRegistrar.GetDynamicPointData command to obtain anydynamic data about the point, and a RtdbRegistrar.Subscribe commandindicating that the concentrator is registered with the server for theparticular point so that the concentrator should automatically receiveany updates to the point data as described above.

If the point has already been previously identified (i.e., theconcentrator already has the data about the point and any updates), thenin step 196, the concentrator may fill in various variables in a datastructure with the values for the data for the particular point. In theexample shown, the MachineID, PtID, Value, Timestamp, ControlCmdTimeoutand Status variables may be filled in to provide the data to theparticular client. Next, in step 198, the concentrator determines ifthere are any other point names to identify and loops back to step 188if there are additional point names to identify. If there are no otherpoint names to identify, the method is completed. In summary, thismethod permits a client application to register its need for data abouta particular point and permits the concentrator to avoid unnecessarydata traffic by combining requests about data from the same point bydifferent clients. Now, a method by which the concentrator receivesupdated data from a server in accordance with the invention will bedescribed.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating a method 210 by which a concentratorreceives updated data for a point from a server in accordance with theinvention. In step 212, the server calls a subroutine to populate a datastructure with the updated data. In the example shown, the subroutinecalled is “Concentrator.UpdatePoint” and it updates values in aMachineID variable, a PtID variable, a Value variable, a Timestampvariable and a Status variable. Then, in step 214, for eachPointsCollection containing the correct MachineID value and PtID value,the server may update the values of the point data by updating (step216), for example, a PointData.Value, a PointData.Timestamp and aPointData.Status variable. Next, to provide the update to the variousclients registered to receive it, the server may call a subroutine, suchas PointsDataCollection.OnUpdatePoint, in step 218, to update theMachineID, PtID, Value, Timestamp and Status values in the appropriatevariables. Next, in step 220, the concentrator determines if there areany other PointsCollections which contain the same MachineID and PtIDvalues as the current updated data. If there are no otherPointsCollections with the same MachineID and PtID values, the method iscompleted. If there are additional PointsCollections data structurecontaining the same MachineID and PtID values, the method loops back tostep 216 to handle the other PointsCollections. In this manner, when newupdated data for a particular point is received by the concentrator, theconcentrator then goes through a process to identify clients attached toit which have registered to receive the updated data and passes theupdated data onto only the clients which are registered to receive theupdated data. Now, an example of the data structures which are utilizedby the server in accordance with the invention will be described.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating examples of the various data structuresutilized by the server in accordance with the invention. It should benoted that this is only an example of the data structures and theinvention is not limited to any particular data structure. As shown,each site of a physical plant may have a site data structure 230associated with it which may contain a description variable containing adescription of the particular site and a SiteID variable containing aunique address for the site. Each location (i.e., building or otherlocation) within a site may have a location data structure 232 which mayinclude a Tag variable containing a unique short name for the location,a LocationID variable containing a unique address for each location, theSiteID variable as described above identifying the site on which thelocation exists, a description variable containing a description of thelocations, such as building 42, a NumFloors variable indicating thenumber of floors in the building, a SqFeet variable indicating thesquare footage of the location, a TextureType variable indicating thetexture that may be used to render the building during the facilitynavigation, a DemandThreshold variable indicating when an alarm isgenerated for a particular reading, and a Group variable indicating agroup to which the location belongs. Each data acquisition may have asystem data structure 234 associated with it which contains aDescription variable containing a description of the particular dataacquisition, a SystemID variable containing a unique address for eachsystem, and a LocationID variable, as described above identifying thelocation of the system.

For each point/device, there may be a StaticPointData data structure236, a DynamicPointData data structure 238, an Accumulator datastructure 240 and a ControlPointData data structure 242. TheStaticPointData data structure 236 may contain static data for aparticular device/point and may contain a Name variable which stores thename of the Point, a PtID variable containing a unique identificationfor the point, a SystemID variable as described above indicating thesystem to which the point is associated, a Group variable indicating agroup to which the point is associated, a Priority variable indicating aweighting value for the point, a SortCode variable and a EU variablecontaining a text string which identifies the engineering unitassociated with the particular point. For each point/device, there mayalso be the DynamicPointData data structure 238 containing dynamic datafor a particular device/point. The DynamicPointData data structure maycontain a PtID variable as described above, a Value variable indicatinga value of the point, a MinValue variable indicating the lowest valuefor the point over a time interval, a MaxValue variable indicating thehighest value for the point over the time interval, an AvgValue variableindicating the average value for the point over the time interval, aTimestamp variable indicating the time and date when the data wasentered into the system, a Status variable indicating the status of thepoint, a PtType variable indicating a type of the point, and an Archivevariable indicating if the current data is archived data. Each point mayalso have the AccumulatorData data structure 240 containing data aboutan accumulator point in the device. The Accumulator Data may contain thePtID variable, a Delta PtID variable containing a delta valueidentification for a point, ROCPtID variable containing anidentification for the rate of change of the point, and a DeltaMultiplier variable containing a multiplier for calculating deltapseudo-points. Each point also has the ControlPointData structure 242associated with it which contains information about the control of thepoint including the PtID variable, a CmdTimeout variable indicating anamount of time before a control command is timed out, a CmdInProgressvariable indicating if a command is currently in progress, the TimeStampvariable, a two control parameters (Param1 And Param2).

The server may also have an ObjectRegistry data structure 244 toregister requests for data. It may include a MonikerName variablecontaining a file name for each registered client, a MachineNamevariable indicating the machine that the object is associated with, ahEnsRtdb variable counting a Rtdb handle for each object, an ObjectTypevariable to indicate the type of the object, and a RunningState variableindicating the current state of the object. The server may also have aRtdbServerRegistry data Structure 246 containing data about the machinehosting the Rtdb server including the MachineName variable indicatingthe name of the machine hosting the Rtdb server, the MachineID variableindicating the logical address, such as TCP/IP, of the machine, and thehEnsRtdb variable indicating the Rtdb handle for the machine. Thus,using this data structure, the real-time retrieval and disseminationsystem may uniquely identify and address each server and points.

While the foregoing has been with reference to a particular embodimentof the invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat changes in this embodiment may be made without departing from theprinciples and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined bythe appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for managing the facilities and theenergy consumption of an enterprise of an entity, the enterprisecomprising one or more geographically dispersed facilities andbuildings, each building and facility having one or more devices whichoperate and consume energy, the system comprising: means for gatheringinformation about the energy consumption and the operation of eachdevice, wherein the gathering means further comprises a gateway deviceconnected to one or more of the devices for gathering energy consumptionand operation data about the device and for converting the energyconsumption and operation data from a device format to a standardformat; an energy and facility management apparatus for controlling thefacilities, buildings and devices in the geographically dispersedenterprise based on the energy consumption and operating information foreach device, the energy management apparatus comprising means forcommunicating the energy consumption and operating data in real-timebetween the devices, the facilities and buildings and the energy andfacility management apparatus, the energy and facility managementapparatus further comprising a server for processing the standardizedenergy consumption and operation data about the devices from the gatewayto generate energy consumption management and facility management data,a plurality of user interfaces connected to the server, each userinterface requesting data about one or more devices in the physicalplant, and a concentrator connected to one or more of the userinterfaces for interfacing between the user interfaces and the server,the concentrator comprising means for registering requests for data froma particular device by a particular client application, means forcombining requests for data from the same device into a single datarequest from the server in order to reduce the amount of data requeststo the server; and a user interface for requesting energy consumptionand operation data about one or more devices, facilities or buildingsand for viewing the energy consumption and operation data about apredetermined portion of the enterprise.
 2. The system of claim 1further comprising means for generating a representation of a particularselected facility in the enterprise based on the real-time energyconsumption and operation data so that a user visually navigates througheach facility.
 3. A The system of claim 2, wherein the generating meanscomprises a two-dimensional navigator.
 4. The system of claim 3, whereinthe generating means comprises a three-dimensional navigator.
 5. Thesystem of claim 1 further comprising means for generating facilitymanagement data based on the energy consumption and operation data. 6.The system of claim 5 further comprising means for managing alarmsignals generated by the facility manager and the energy manager inorder to alert the user of the apparatus to alarm conditions in thegeographically dispersed enterprise.
 7. A method for managing thefacilities and the energy consumption of an enterprise of an entity, theenterprise comprising one or more geographically dispersed facilitiesand buildings, each building and facility having one or more deviceswhich operate and consume energy, the method comprising: gatheringinformation about the energy consumption and the operation of eachdevice, the gathering further comprising gathering energy consumptionand operation data about the device using a gateway device connected toone or more of the devices and converting the energy consumption andoperation data from a device format to a standard format; controllingthe facilities, buildings and devices in the geographically dispersedenterprise based on the energy consumption and operating information foreach device using an energy and facility management apparatus comprisingcommunicating the energy consumption and operating data in real-timebetween the devices, the facilities and buildings and the energy andfacility management apparatus, the controlling further comprisingprocessing the standardized energy consumption and operation data aboutthe devices from the gateway using a server to generate energyconsumption management and facility management data, requesting dataabout one or more devices in the physical plant by a user interface, andinterfacing between the user interfaces and the server using aconcentrator connected to one or more of the user interfaces comprisingregistering requests for data from a particular device by a particularclient application and combining requests for data from the same deviceinto a single data request from the server in order to reduce the amountof data requests to the server; requesting energy consumption andoperation data about one or more devices, facilities or buildings usinga user interface; and viewing the energy consumption and operation dataabout a predetermined portion of the enterprise.
 8. The method of claim7 further comprising generating a representation of a particularselected facility in the enterprise based on the real-time energyconsumption and operation data so that a user visually navigates througheach facility.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the generatingcomprises using a two-dimensional navigator.
 10. The method of claim 8,wherein the generating comprises using a three-dimensional navigator.11. The method of claim 7 further comprising generating facilitymanagement data based on the energy consumption and operation data. 12.The method of claim 11 further comprising managing alarm signalsgenerated by the facility manager and the energy manager in order toalert the user of the apparatus to alarm conditions in thegeographically dispersed enterprise.
 13. A system for communicating datain real-time between an energy and facility management system and one ormore devices of an enterprise which consume energy, the systemcomprising: a device interface connected to the one or more of thedevices for gathering real-time energy consumption data and operationaldata about the one or more devices connected to the device interface; aserver connected to the device interface for storing the energyconsumption and operation data for each device in the enterprise into adatabase, the energy consumption and operation data for each devicebeing identified by a unique device address; a plurality of clientapplications, each client application requesting to receive energyconsumption and operational data about one or more devices in theenterprise from the server; and a concentrator connected between theserver and the one or more client applications, the concentratorcomprising means for analyzing the requests for data from the clientapplications, means for combining requests for energy consumption andoperation data about a particular device into a single combined request,means for communicating the single combined request to the server, andmeans for routing the energy consumption and operating data about theparticular device received from the server to each client applicationwhich requests the energy consumption and operation data about thatparticular device.
 14. The system of claim 13 further comprising meansfor generating a representation of a particular selected facility in theenterprise based on the real-time energy consumption and operation dataso that a user visually navigates through each facility.
 15. The systemof claim 14, wherein the generating means comprises a two-dimensionalnavigator.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the generating meanscomprises a three-dimensional navigator.
 17. The system of claim 13further comprising means for generating facility management data basedon the energy consumption and operation data.
 18. The system of claim 17further comprising means for managing alarm signals generated by thefacility manager and the energy manager in order to alert the user ofthe apparatus to alarm conditions in the geographically dispersedenterprise.
 19. A system for communicating data in real-time between anenergy and facility management system and one or more devices of anenterprise which consume energy, the system comprising: a deviceinterface connected to the one or more of the devices comprising meansfor gathering real-time energy consumption data and operational dataabout the one or more devices connected to the device interface andmeans for storing the real-time energy consumption data and operationaldata into a database object; a server connected to the device interfacefor storing the energy consumption and operation data object for eachdevice in the enterprise into a database, the energy consumption andoperation data for each device being identified by a unique deviceobject address; a plurality of client applications, each clientapplication requesting to receive energy consumption and operationaldata about one or more devices in the enterprise from the server, eachclient application having a unique client address; and a concentratorconnected between the server and the one or more client applications,the concentrator comprising means for analyzing the requests for datafrom the client applications, means for combining requests for energyconsumption and operation data about a particular device into a singlecombined request, means for communicating the single combined request tothe server, and means for routing the energy consumption and operatingdata about the particular device received from the server based on theunique client addresses to each client application which requests theenergy consumption and operation data about that particular device.